The Standards of Practice are a set of guidelines for home inspectors to follow in the performance of their inspections. They are the most widely accepted home inspection guidelines in use, and include all the home’s major systems and components.

Three main standards prevail and are presented here for comparison.

ASHI Standards of Practice. (please click here for the NACHI Standards 
of Practice)

Index

1. Introduction
2. Purpose & Scope
3. Structural System
4. Exterior
5. Roof System
6. Plumbing System
7. Electrical System
8. Heating System
9. Air Conditioning System
10. Interior
11. Insulation & Ventilation
12. Fireplaces and Solid Fuel Burning Appliances
13. General Limitations and Exclusions
Glossary: Note: Italicized words are defined in the Glossary.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Canadian Association of Home Inspectors (CAHPI) is a not for profit association whose members include the following seven provincial/regional organizations: CAHPI-B.C., CAHPI-Alberta, CAHPI-Sask., CAHPI-Manitoba, OAHI (Ontario), AIBQ (Quebec), and CAHPI-Atlantic.

CAHPI’s objectives include promotion of excellence within the profession and continual improvement of inspection services to the public.

2. PURPOSE AND SCOPE

A. inspect:
1. readily accessible systems and components of homes listed in these 
Standards of Practice.
2. installed systems and components of homes listed in these Standards of Practice.

B. report:

1. on those systems and components inspected which, in the professional opinion of theinspector, are significantly 
deficient or are near the end of their service lives.
2. a reason why, if not self-evident, the system or component is significantly deficient or near the end of its service life.
3. the inspector’s recommendations to correct or monitor the reported deficiency.
4. on any systems and components designated for inspection in these Standards of Practice which were present at the 
time of the Home Inspection but were not inspected and a reason they were not 
inspected.

a. These Standards of Practice are not intended to limit inspectors from:

A. including other inspection services, systems or components in addition to those 
required by these Standards of Practice.
B. specifying repairs, provided the inspector is appropriately qualified and willing to do so.
C. excluding systems and components from the inspection if requested by the client.

3. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

3.1 The inspector shall:

A. inspect:
1. the structural components including foundation and framing.
2. by probing a representative number of structural components where deterioration is suspected or where clear indications of possible
deterioration exist. Probing is NOT required when probing would damage any finished surface or where no deterioration is visible.

B. describe:

1. the foundation and report the methods used to inspect the under-floor crawl space.
2. the floor structure.
3. the wall structure.
4. the ceiling structure.
5. the roof structure and report the methods used to inspect the attic.

3.2 The inspector is NOT required to:
A. provide any engineering service or architectural service.
B. offer an opinion as to the adequacy of any structural system or component.

4. EXTERIOR

4.1The inspector shall:

A. inspect:

1. the exterior wall covering, flashing and trim.
2. all exterior doors.
3. attached decks, balconies, stoops, steps, porches, and their associated railings.
4. the eaves, soffits, and fascias where accessible from the ground level.
5. the vegetation, grading, surface drainage, and retaining walls on the property when 
any of these are likely to adversely affect the building.
6. walkways, patios, and driveways leading to dwelling entrances.

B. describe the exterior wall covering.

4.2The inspector is NOT required to:

A. inspect:

1. screening, shutters, awnings, and similar seasonal accessories.
2. fences.
3. geological, geotechnical or hydrological conditions.
4. recreational facilities.
5. outbuildings.
6. seawalls, break-walls, and docks.
7. erosion control and earth stabilization measures.

5. ROOF SYSTEM

5.1 The inspector shall:

A. inspect:

1. the roof covering.
2. the roof drainage systems.
3. the flashings.
4. the skylights, chimneys, and roof penetrations.

B. describe the roof covering and report the methods used to inspect the roof.

5.2The inspector is NOT required to:

A. inspect:

1. antennae.
2. interiors of flues or chimneys which are not readily accessible.
3. other installed accessories.

6. PLUMBING SYSTEM

6.1The inspector shall:

A. inspect:

1. the interior water supply and distribution systems including all fixtures and faucets.
2. the drain, waste and vent systems including all fixtures.
3. the water heating equipment.
4. the vent systems, flues, and chimneys.
5. the fuel storage and fuel distribution systems.
6. the drainage sumps, sump pumps, and related piping.

 B. describe:

1. the water supply, drain, waste, and vent piping materials.
2. the water heating equipment including the energy source.
3. the location of main water and main fuel shut-off valves.

6.2 The inspector is NOT required to:

A. inspect:

1. the clothes washing machine connections.
2. the interiors of flues or chimneys which are not readily accessible.
3. wells, well pumps, or water storage related equipment.
4. water conditioning systems.
5. solar water heating systems.
6. fire and lawn sprinkler systems.
7. private waste disposal systems

B. determine:

1. whether water supply and waste disposal systems are public or private.
2. the quantity or quality of the water supply.

C. operate safety valves or shut-off valves.

7. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

7.1 The inspector shall:

A. inspect:

1. the service drop.
2. the service entrance conductors, cables, and raceways.
3. the service equipment and main disconnects.
4. the service grounding.
5. the interior components of service panels and sub panels.
6. the conductors.
7. the overcurrent protection devices.
8. a representative number of installed lighting fixtures, switches, and receptacles.
9. the ground fault circuit interrupters.

B. describe:

1. the amperage and voltage rating of the service.
2. the location of main disconnect(s) and sub panels.
3. the wiring methods.

C. report:

1. on the presence of solid conductor aluminum branch circuit wiring.
2. on the absence of smoke detectors.

 7.2The inspector is NOT required to:

A. inspect:

1. the remote control devices unless the device is the only
control device.
2. the alarm systems and components.
B. the low voltage wiring, systems and components.
C. the ancillary wiring, systems and components not a part of the primary electrical
power distribution system.
B. measure amperage, voltage, or impedance.

8. HEATING SYSTEM

8.1The inspector shall:

A. inspect

1. the installed heating equipment.
2. the vent systems, flues, and chimneys.

B. describe:

1. the energy source.
2. the heating method by its distinguishing characteristics.

8.2 The inspector is NOT required to:

A. inspect:

1. the interiors of flues or chimneys which are not readily
accessible.
2. the heat exchanger.
3. the humidifier or dehumidifier.
4. the electronic air filter.
5. the solar space heating system.
B. determine heat supply adequacy or distribution balance.

9. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

9.1 The inspector shall:

A. inspect the installed central and through-wall cooling
equipment.

B. describe:

1. the energy source
2. the cooling method by its distinguishing characteristics.

9.2 The inspector is NOT required to:

A. inspect electronic air filters.

B. determine cooling supply adequacy or distribution balance.

10. INTERIOR

10.1 The inspector shall:

A. inspect:

1. the walls, ceilings, and floors.
2. the steps, stairways, and railings.
3. the countertops and a representative number of installed cabinets.
4. a representative number of doors and windows.
5. garage doors and garage door operators.

10.2 The inspector is NOT required to:

A. inspect:

1. the paint, wallpaper, and other finish treatments.
2. the carpeting.
3. the window treatments.
4. the central vacuum systems.
5. the household appliances.
6. recreational facilities.

11. INSULATION AND VENTILATION

11.1 The inspector shall:

A. inspect:

1. the insulation and vapor retarders in unfinished spaces.
2. the ventilation of attics and foundation areas.
3. the mechanical ventilation systems.

B. describe:

1. the insulation and vapor retarders in unfinished spaces.
2. the absence of insulation in unfinished spaces at conditioned
surfaces.

11.2 The inspector is NOT required to:

A. disturb insulation or vapor retarders.
B. determine indoor air quality.

12. FIREPLACES AND SOLID FUEL BURNING APPLIANCES

12.1 The inspector shall:

A. inspect:

1. the system components.
2. the vent systems, flues, and chimneys.
B. describe:

1. the fireplaces and solid fuel burning appliances.
2. the chimneys.

12.2 The inspector is NOT required to:

A. inspect:

1. the interiors of flues or chimneys.
2. the fire screens and doors.
3. the seals and gaskets.
4. the automatic fuel feed devices.
5. the mantles and fireplace surrounds.
6. the combustion make-up air devices.
7. the heat distribution assists whether gravity controlled or fan
assisted.
B. ignite or extinguish fires.
C. determine draft characteristics.
D. move fireplace inserts or stoves or firebox contents.

13. GENERAL LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS

13.1 General limitations:
A. Inspections performed in accordance with these Standards of Practice

1. are not technically exhaustive.
2. will not identify concealed conditions or latent defects.

B. These Standards of Practice are applicable to buildings with four or fewer dwelling units and their garages or carports.

13.2 General exclusions:

A. The inspector is not required to perform any action or make any determination unless specifically stated in these Standards of Practice, except as may be required by lawful authority.

B. Inspectors are NOT required to determine:

1. the condition of systems or components which are not readily accessible.
2. the remaining life of any system or component.
3. the strength, adequacy, effectiveness, or efficiency of any system or component.
4. the causes of any condition or deficiency.
5. the methods, materials, or costs of corrections.
6. future conditions including, but not limited to, failure of systems and components.
7. the suitability of the property for any specialized use.
8. compliance with regulatory requirements (codes, regulations, laws, ordinances, etc.).
9. the market value of the property or its marketability.
10. the advisability of the purchase of the property.
11. the presence of potentially hazardous plants or animals including, but not limited to wood destroying organisms or diseases harmful to humans.
12. the presence of any environmental hazards including, but not limited to toxins, carcinogens, noise, and contaminants in soil, water, and air.
13. the effectiveness of any system installed or methods utilized to control or remove suspected hazardous substances.
14. the operating costs of systems or components.
15. the acoustical properties of any system or component.

C. Inspectors are NOT required to offer:

1. or perform any act or service contrary to law
2. or perform engineering services.
3. or perform work in any trade or any professional service other than home inspection.
4. warranties or guarantees of any kind.

D. Inspectors are NOT required to operate:

1. any system or component which is shut down or otherwise inoperable.
2. any system or component which does not respond to normal operating controls.
3. shut-off valves.

E. Inspectors are NOT required to enter:

1. any area which will, in the opinion of the inspector, likely be dangerous to the 
inspector or other persons or damage the property or its systems or components.
2. the under-floor crawl spaces or attics which are not readily accessible.

F. Inspectors are NOT required to inspect:

1. underground items including, but not limited to underground storage tanks or other underground indications of their presence, whether abandoned or active.
2. systems or components which are not installed.
3. decorative items.
4. systems or components located in areas that are not entered in accordance with these Standards of Practice.
5. detached structures other than garages and carports.
6. common elements or common areas in multi-unit housing, such as condominium 
properties or cooperative housing.

G. Inspectors are NOT required to:

1. perform any procedure or operation which will, in the opinion of the inspector, likely be dangerous to the inspector or other persons or damage the property or it’s systems orcomponents.
2. move suspended ceiling tiles, personal property, furniture, equipment, plants, soil, snow, ice, or debris.
3. dismantle any system or component, except as explicitly required by these 
Standards of Practice.

GLOSSARY:

GLOSSARY:

Alarm Systems
Warning devices, installed or free-standing, including but not limited to; security 
equipment, ejector pumps and smoke alarms

Architectural Service

Any practice involving the art and science of building design for construction of any 
structure or grouping of structures and the use of space within and surrounding the structures or the design for construction, including but not specifically limited to, 
schematic design, design development, preparation of construction contract documents, 
and administration of the construction contract.

Automatic Safety Controls
Devices designed and installed to protect systems and components from unsafe 
conditions

Component
A part of a system

Decorative
Ornamental; not required for the operation of the essential systems and components 
of a home

Describe
To report a system or component by its type or other observed, significant 
characteristics to distinguish it from other systems or components

Dismantle
To take apart or remove any component, device or piece of equipment that would 
not be taken apart or removed by a homeowner in the course of normal and routine 
home owner maintenance

Engineering Service
Any professional service or creative work requiring engineering education, training, and experience and the application of special knowledge of the mathematical, physical and engineering sciences to such professional service or creative work as consultation,
investigation, evaluation, planning, design and supervision of construction for the purpose 
of assuring compliance with the specifications and design, in conjunction with structures, buildings,machines, equipment, works or processes

Further Evaluation
Examination and analysis by a qualified professional, tradesman or service technician 
beyond that provided by the home inspection

Home Inspection
The process by which an inspector visually examines the readily accessible systems 
and components of a home and which describes those systems and components in 
accordance with these Standards of Practice

Household Appliances
Kitchen, laundry, and similar appliances, whether installed or freestanding

Inspect
To examine readily accessible systems and components of a building in accordance 
with these Standards of Practice, using normal operating controls and opening readily 
openable access panels

Inspector
A person hired to examine any system or component of a building in accordance with these Standards of Practice

Installed
Attached such that removal requires tools

Normal Operating Controls
Devices such as thermostats, switches or valves intended to be operated by the 
homeowner

Readily Accessible
Available for visual inspection without requiring moving of personal property, dismantling, destructive measures, or any action which will likely involve risk to persons or property

Readily Openable Access Panel
A panel provided for homeowner inspection and maintenance that is within normal reach, can be removed by one person, and is not sealed in place

Recreational Facilities
Spas, saunas, steam baths, swimming pools, exercise, entertainment, athletic, 
playground or other similar equipment and associated accessories

Report
To communicate in writing

Representative Number
One component per room for multiple similar interior components such as windows and electric outlets; one component on each side of the building for multiple similar exterior components

Roof Drainage Systems
Components used to carry water off a roof and away from a building

Significantly Deficient
Unsafe or not functioning

Shut Down
A state in which a system or component cannot be operated by normal operating 
controls

Solid Fuel Burning Appliances
A hearth and fire chamber or similar prepared place in which a fire may be built and which is built in conjunction with a chimney; or a listed assembly of a fire chamber, its chimney and related factory-made parts designed for unit assembly without requiring field construction

Structural Component
A component that supports non-variable forces or weights (dead loads) and variable forces or weights (live loads)

System
A combination of interacting or interdependent components, assembled to carry out one or more functions

Technically Exhaustive
An investigation that involves dismantling, the extensive use of advanced techniques, measurements, instruments, testing, calculations, or other means

Under-floor Crawl Space
The area within the confines of the foundation and between the ground and the 
underside of the floor

Unsafe
A condition in a readily accessible, installed system or component which is judged to be a significant risk of personal injury during normal, day-to-day use. The risk may be due to damage, deterioration, improper installation or a change in accepted residential construction standards

Wiring Methods
Identification of electrical conductors or wires by their general type, such as 
"non-metallic sheathed cable" ("Romex"), "armored cable"
(“bx") or "knob and tube", etc.

* Note: In these Standards of Practice, redundancy in the
description of the requirements, limitations and exclusions
regarding the scope of the Home Inspection is provided for
clarity not emphasis.

NACHI Standards of Practice

Table of Contents
      
1. Definitions and Scope.
2. Standards of Practice
2.1. Roof 
2.2. Exterior 
2.3. Basement, Foundation, Crawlspace & Structure 
2.4. Heating 
2.5. Cooling 
2.6. Plumbing 
2.7. Electrical 
2.8. Fireplace 
2.9. Attic & Insulation 
2.10. Doors, Windows & Interior
3. Limitations, Exceptions & Exclusions
4. Glossary of Terms

1. Definitions and Scope

1.1. A Home inspection is a non-invasive visual examination of a residential dwelling, performed for a fee, which is designed to identify observed material defects within specific components of said dwelling.  Components may include any combination of mechanical, structural, electrical, plumbing, or other essential systems or portions of 
the home, as identified and agreed to by the Client and Inspector, prior to the 
inspection process.
I. A home inspection is intended to assist in evaluation of the overall condition of the dwelling. The inspection is based on observation of the visible and apparent condition 
of the structure and its components on the date of the inspection and not the
prediction of future conditions.
II. A home inspection will not reveal every concern that exists or ever could exist, 
but only those material defects observed on the day of the inspection.
1.2. A Material defect is a condition with a residential real property or any portion of it that would have a significant adverse impact on the value of the real property or that involves an unreasonable risk to people on the property. The fact that a structural element, system or subsystem is near, at or beyond the end of the normal useful life of such a structural element, system or subsystem is not by itself a material defect.
1.3. An Inspection report shall describe and identify in written format the inspected systems, structures, and components of the dwelling and shall identify material defects observed. Inspection reports may contain recommendations regarding conditions reported or recommendations for correction, monitoring or further evaluation by professionals, but this is not required.

2. Standards of Practice

2.1. Roof

I. The inspector shall inspect from ground level or eaves:
A. The roof covering. 
B. The gutters. 
C. The downspouts. 
D. The vents, flashings, skylights, chimney and other roof penetrations. 
E. The general structure of the roof from the readily accessible panels, doors or stairs.
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Walk on any roof surface. 
B. Predict the service life expectancy. 
C. Inspect underground downspout diverter drainage pipes. 
D. Remove snow, ice, debris or other conditions that prohibit the observation of the 
roof surfaces. 
E. Inspect antennae, lightning arresters, or similar attachments.

2.2. Exterior

I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. The siding, flashing and trim. 
B. All exterior doors, decks, stoops, steps, stairs, porches, railings, eaves, soffits and fascias.
C. And report as in need of repair any spacings between intermediate balusters, spindles, 
or rails for steps, stairways, balconies, and railings that permit the passage of an object greater than four inches in diameter. 
D. A representative number of windows. 
E. The vegetation, surface drainage and retaining walls when these are likely to 
adversely affect the structure. 
F. And describe the exterior wall covering.
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Inspect or operate screens, storm windows, shutters, awnings, fences, outbuildings, 
or exterior accent lighting. 
B. Inspect items, including window and door flashings, which are not visible or readily accessible from the ground. 
C. Inspect geological, geotechnical, hydrological and/or soil conditions. 
D. Inspect recreational facilities. 
E. Inspect seawalls, break-walls and docks. 
F. Inspect erosion control and earth stabilization measures. 
G. Inspect for safety type glass. 
H. Inspect underground utilities. 
I. Inspect underground items. 
J. Inspect wells or springs. 
K. Inspect solar systems. 
L. Inspect swimming pools or spas. 
M. Inspect septic systems or cesspools. 
N. Inspect playground equipment. 
O. Inspect sprinkler systems. 
P. Inspect drain fields or drywells. 
Q. Determine the integrity of the thermal window seals or damaged glass.

2.3. Basement, Foundation & Crawlspace

I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. The basement. 
B. The foundation 
C. The crawlspace. 
D. The visible structural components. 
E. Any present conditions or clear indications of active water penetration observed by the inspector. 
F. And report any general indications of foundation movement that are observed by the inspector, such as but not limited to sheetrock cracks, brick cracks, out-of-square door frames or floor slopes.
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Enter any crawlspaces that are not readily accessible or where entry could cause damage or pose a hazard to the inspector. 
B. Move stored items or debris. 
C. Operate sump pumps with inaccessible floats. 
D. Identify size, spacing, span, location or determine adequacy of foundation bolting, bracing, joists, joist spans or support systems. 
E. Provide any engineering or architectural service. 
F. Report on the adequacy of any structural system or component.

2.4. Heating

I. The inspector shall inspect: 
A. The heating system and describe the energy source and heating method using 
normal operating controls. 
B. And report as in need of repair electric furnaces which do not operate. 
C. And report if inspector deemed the furnace inaccessible.
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Inspect or evaluate interiors of flues or chimneys, fire chambers, heat exchangers, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, electronic air filters, solar heating systems, 
solar heating systems or fuel tanks. 
B. Inspect underground fuel tanks. 
C. Determine the uniformity, temperature, flow, balance, distribution, size, capacity, BTU, or supply adequacy of the heating system. 
D. Light or ignite pilot flames. 
E. Activate heating, heat pump systems, or other heating systems when ambient temperatures or when other circumstances are not conducive to safe operation or may damage the equipment. 
F. Override electronic thermostats. 
G. Evaluate fuel quality.
H. Verify thermostat calibration, heat anticipation or automatic setbacks, timers, 
programs or clocks.

2.5. Cooling

I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. The central cooling equipment using normal operating controls.
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Determine the uniformity, temperature, flow, balance, distribution, size, capacity, 
BTU, or supply adequacy of the cooling system. 
B. Inspect window units, through-wall units, or electronic air filters. 
C. Operate equipment or systems if exterior temperature is below 60 degrees 
Fahrenheit or when other circumstances are not conducive to safe operation or 
may damage the equipment. 
D. Inspect or determine thermostat calibration, heat anticipation or automatic 
setbacks or clocks. 
E. Examine electrical current, coolant fluids or gasses, or coolant leakage.

2.6. Plumbing

I. The inspector shall:
A. Verify the presence of and identify the location of the main water shutoff valve. 
B. Inspect the water heating equipment, including combustion air, venting, connections, energy sources, seismic bracing, and verify the presence or absence of temperature-pressure relief valves and/or Watts 210 valves. 
C. Flush toilets. 
D. Run water in sinks, tubs, and showers. 
E. Inspect the interior water supply including all fixtures and faucets. 
F. Inspect the drain, waste and vent systems, including all fixtures. 
G. Describe any visible fuel storage systems. 
H. Inspect the drainage sump pumps testing sumps with accessible floats. 
I. Inspect and describe the water supply, drain, waste and main fuel shut-off valves, 
as well as the location of the water main and main fuel shut-off valves. 
J. Inspect and determine if the water supply is public or private. 
K. Inspect and report as in need of repair deficiencies in the water supply by viewing 
the functional flow in two fixtures operated simultaneously. 
L. Inspect and report as in need of repair deficiencies in installation and identification 
of hot and cold faucets. 
M. Inspect and report as in need of repair mechanical drain-stops that are missing or do not operate if installed in sinks, lavatories and tubs. 
N. Inspect and report as in need of repair commodes that have cracks in the ceramic material, are improperly mounted on the floor, leak, or have tank components which 
do not operate. 
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Light or ignite pilot flames. 
B. Determine the size, temperature, age, life expectancy or adequacy of the water heater. 
C. Inspect interiors of flues or chimneys, water softening or filtering systems, well 
pumps or tanks, safety or shut-of valves, floor drains, lawn sprinkler systems or 
fire sprinkler systems. 
D. Determine the exact flow rate, volume, pressure, temperature, or adequacy of 
the water supply. 
E. Determine the water quality or potability or the reliability of the water supply or 
source. 
F. Open sealed plumbing access panels. 
G. Inspect clothes washing machines or their connections. 
H. Operate any main, branch or fixture valve. 
I. Test shower pans, tub and shower surrounds or enclosures for leakage. 
J. Evaluate the compliance with local or state conservation or energy standards, 
or the proper design or sizing of any water, waste or venting components, fixtures 
or piping. 
K. Determine the effectiveness of anti-siphon, back-flow prevention or 
drain-stop devices. 
L. Determine whether there are sufficient clean-outs for effective cleaning of drains. 
M. Evaluate gas, liquid propane or oil storage tanks. 
N. Inspect any private sewage waste disposal system or component of. 
O. Inspect water treatment systems or water filters. 
P. Inspect water storage tanks, pressure pumps or bladder tanks.
Q. Evaluate time to obtain hot water at fixtures, or perform testing of any kind to 
water heater elements. 
R. Evaluate or determine the adequacy of combustion air. 
S. Test, operate, open or close safety controls, manual stop valves and/or 
temperature or pressure relief valves. 
T. Examine ancillary systems or components, such as, but not limited to, those 
relating to solar water heating, hot water circulation.

2.7. Electrical

I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. The service line. 
B. The meter box. 
C. The main disconnect. 
D. And determine the rating of the service amperage. 
E. Panels, breakers and fuses. 
F. The service grounding and bonding. 
H. A representative sampling of switches, receptacles, light fixtures, AFCI receptacles
I. And test all GFCI receptacles and GFCI circuit breakers observed and deemed to be GFCI’s during the inspection.
I. And report the presence of solid conductor aluminum branch circuit wiring if readily visible. 
J. And report on any GFCI-tested receptacles in which power is not present, polarity is incorrect, the receptacle is not grounded, is not secured to the wall, the cover is not in place, the ground fault circuit interrupter devices are not properly installed or do not operate properly, or evidence of arcing or excessive heat is present.  
K. The service entrance conductors and the condition of their sheathing. 
L. The ground fault circuit interrupters observed and deemed to be GFCI’s during the inspection with a GFCI tester. 
M. And describe the amperage rating of the service. 
N. And report the absence of smoke detectors. 
O. Service entrance cables and report as in need of repair deficiencies in the integrity of the insulation, drip loop, or separation of conductors at weather heads and clearances.
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Insert any tool, probe or device into the main panel, sub-panels, downstream 
panels, or electrical fixtures. 
B. Operate electrical systems that are shut down. 
C. Remove panel covers or dead front covers if not readily accessible. 
D. Operate over current protection devices. 
E. Operate non-accessible smoke detectors. 
F. Measure or determine the amperage or voltage of the main service if not visibly 
labeled. 
G. Inspect the alarm system and components. 
H. Inspect the ancillary wiring or remote control devices. 
I. Activate any electrical systems or branch circuits which are not energized. 
J. Operate overload devices. 
K. Inspect low voltage systems, electrical de-icing tapes, swimming pool wiring 
or any time-controlled devices. 
L. Verify the continuity of the connected service ground. 
M. Inspect private or emergency electrical supply sources, including but not limited to generators, windmills, photovoltaic solar collectors, or battery or electrical storage facility. 
N. Inspect spark or lightning arrestors. 
O. Conduct voltage drop calculations. 
P. Determine the accuracy of breaker labeling.

2.8. Fireplace

I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. The fireplace, and open and close the damper door if readily accessible and 
operable. 
B. Hearth extensions and other permanently installed components. 
C. And report as in need of repair deficiencies in the lintel, hearth and material 
surrounding the fireplace, including clearance from combustible materials
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Inspect the flue or vent system. 
B. Inspect the interior of chimneys or flues, fire doors or screens, seals or gaskets, or mantels.
C. Determine the need for a chimney sweep. 
D. Operate gas fireplace inserts. 
E. Light pilot flames. 
F. Determine the appropriateness of such installation. 
G. Inspect automatic fuel feed devices. 
H. Inspect combustion and/or make-up air devices. 
I. Inspect heat distribution assists whether gravity controlled or fan assisted. 
J. Ignite or extinguish fires. 
K. Determine draft characteristics. 
L. Move fireplace inserts, stoves, or firebox contents. 
M. Determine adequacy of draft, perform a smoke test or dismantle or remove any component.
N. Perform an NFPA inspection.

2.9. Attic, Ventilation & Insulation

I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. The insulation in unfinished spaces. 
B. The ventilation of attic spaces. 
C. Mechanical ventilation systems. 
D. And report on the general absence or lack of insulation.
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Enter the attic or unfinished spaces that are not readily accessible or where entry 
could cause damage or pose a safety hazard to the inspector in his or her opinion. 
B. To move, touch, or disturb insulation. 
C. To move, touch or disturb vapor retarders. 
D. Break or otherwise damage the surface finish or weather seal on or around access panels and covers. 
E. Identify the composition of or the exact R-value of insulation material. 
F. Activate thermostatically operated fans. 
G. Determine the types of materials used in insulation/wrapping of pipes, ducts, 
jackets, boilers, and wiring.
H. Determine adequacy of ventilation.

2.10. Doors, Windows & Interior

I. The inspector shall:
A. Open and close a representative number of doors and windows. 
B. Inspect the walls, ceilings, steps, stairways, and railings. 
C. Inspect garage doors and garage door openers by operating first by remote (if available) and then by the installed automatic door control. 
D. And report as in need of repair any installed electronic sensors that are not operable 
or not installed at proper heights above the garage door. 
E. And report as in need of repair any door locks or side ropes that have not been 
removed or disabled when garage door opener is in use. 
F. And report as in need of repair any windows that are obviously fogged or display 
other evidence of broken seals.
II. The inspector is not required to:
A. Inspect paint, wallpaper, window treatments or finish treatments. 
B. Inspect central vacuum systems. 
C. Inspect safety glazing. 
D. Inspect security systems or components. 
E. Evaluate the fastening of countertops, cabinets, sink tops and fixtures, or firewall compromises. 
F. Move furniture, stored items, or any coverings like carpets or rugs in order to 
inspect the concealed floor structure. 
G. Move drop ceiling tiles. 
H. Inspect or move any household appliances.. 
I. Inspect or operate equipment housed in the garage except as otherwise noted. 
J. Verify or certify safe operation of any auto reverse or related safety function of a 
garage door. 
K. Operate or evaluate security bar release and opening mechanisms, whether interior 
or exterior, including compliance with local, state, or federal standards. 
L. Operate any system, appliance or component that requires the use of special keys, codes, combinations, or devices. 
M. Operate or evaluate self-cleaning oven cycles, tilt guards/latches or signal lights. 
N. Inspect microwave ovens or test leakage from microwave ovens. 
O. Operate or examine any sauna, steam-jenny, kiln, toaster, ice-maker, coffee-maker, can-opener, bread-warmer, blender, instant hot water dispenser, or other small, ancillary devices. 
P. Inspect elevators. 
Q. Inspect remote controls. 
R. Inspect appliances. 
S. Inspect items not permanently installed. 
T. Examine or operate any above-ground, movable, freestanding, or otherwise non-permanently installed pool/spa, recreational equipment or self-contained equipment. 
U. Come into contact with any pool or spa water in order to determine the system 
structure or components. 
V. Determine the adequacy of spa jet water force or bubble effect. 
W. Determine the structural integrity or leakage of a pool or spa.

3. Limitations, Exceptions & Exclusions

3.1. Limitations:

I. An inspection is not technically exhaustive. 
II. An inspection will not identify concealed or latent defects. 
III. An inspection will not deal with aesthetic concerns or what could be deemed 
matters of taste, cosmetic, etc. 
IV. An inspection will not determine the suitability of the property for any use. 
V. An inspection does not determine the market value of the property or its 
marketability. 
VI. An inspection does not determine the advisability or inadvisability of the purchase 
of the inspected property. 
VII. An inspection does not determine the life expectancy of the property or any 
components or systems therein. 
VIII. An inspection does not include items not permanently installed. 
IX. These Standards of Practice apply only to homes with four or fewer dwelling 
units.

3.2. Exclusions:

I. The inspectors are not required to determine:
A. Property boundary lines or encroachments. 
B. The condition of any component or system that is not readily accessible. 
C. The service life expectancy of any component or system. 
D. The size, capacity, BTU, performance, or efficiency of any component or system. 
E. The cause or reason of any condition. 
F. The cause for the need of repair or replacement of any system or component. 
G. Future conditions. 
H. The compliance with codes or regulations. 
I. The presence of evidence of rodents, animals or insects. 
J. The presence of mold, mildew or fungus. 
K. The presence of air-borne hazards. 
L. The presence of birds. 
M. The presence of other flora or fauna. 
N. The air quality. 
O. The existence of asbestos. 
P. The existence of environmental hazards. 
Q. The existence of electro-magnetic fields. 
R. The presence of hazardous materials including, but not limited to, the presence 
of lead in paint. 
S. Any hazardous waste conditions. 
T. Any manufacturer recalls or conformance with manufacturer installation or any 
information included in the consumer protection bulletin. 
U. Operating costs of systems. 
V. Replacement or repair cost estimates. 
W. The acoustical properties of any systems. 
X. Estimates of how much it will cost to run any given system.
II. The inspectors are not required to operate:
A. Any system that is shut down. 
B. Any system that does not function properly. 
C. Or evaluate low voltage electrical systems such as, but not limited to: 
1. Phone lines. 
2. Cable lines. 
3. Antennae. 
4. Lights. 
5. Remote controls. 
D. Any system that does not turn on with the use of normal operating controls. 
E. Any shut off valves or manual stop valves. 
F. Any electrical disconnect or over current protection devices. 
G. Any alarm systems. 
H. Moisture meters, gas detectors or similar equipment.
III. The inspectors are not required to:
A. Move any personal items or other obstructions, such as, but not limited to:
1. Throw rugs. 
2. Furniture. 
3. Floor or wall coverings. 
4. Ceiling tiles 
5. Window coverings. 
6. Equipment. 
7. Plants. 
8. Ice. 
9. Debris. 
10. Snow. 
11. Water. 
12. Dirt. 
13. Foliage. 
14. Pets
B. Dismantle, open, or uncover any system or component. 
C. Enter or access any area which may, in the opinion of the inspector, to be 
unsafe or risk personal safety. 
D. Enter crawlspaces or other areas that are unsafe or not readily accessible. 
E. Inspect underground items such as, but not limited to, underground storage 
tanks or other indications of their presence, whether abandoned or actively used. 
F. Do anything which, in the inspector’s opinion, is likely to be unsafe or dangerous to the inspector or others or damage property, such as, but not limited to, walking on roof surfaces, climbing ladders, entering attic spaces or negotiating with dogs. 
G. Inspect decorative items. 
H. Inspect common elements or areas in multi-unit housing. 
I. Inspect intercoms, speaker systems, radio-controlled, security devices or lawn 
irrigation systems. 
J. Offer guarantees or warranties. 
K. Offer or perform any engineering services. 
L. Offer or perform any trade or professional service other than home inspection. 
M. Research the history of the property, report on its potential for alteration, 
modification, extendibility, or its suitability for a specific or proposed use for 
occupancy. 
N. Determine the age of construction or installation of any system structure, or 
component of a building, or differentiate between original construction or 
subsequent additions, improvements, renovations or replacements thereto. 
O. Determine the insurability of a property.
P. Perform or offer Phase 1 environmental audits.
Q. Inspect on any system or component which is not included in these standards.

4. Glossary of Terms

4.1. Accessible: Can be approached or entered by the inspector safely, without 
difficulty, fear or danger.
4.2. Activate: To turn on, supply power, or enable systems, equipment, or devices 
to become active by normal operating controls. Examples include turning on the 
gas or water supply valves to the fixtures and appliances and activating electrical 
breakers or fuses.
4.3. Adversely Affect: Constitute, or potentially constitute, a negative or destructive impact.
4.4. Alarm System: Warning devices, installed or free-standing, including but not 
limited to: Carbon monoxide detectors, flue gas and other spillage detectors, security equipment, ejector pumps and smoke alarms.
4.5. Appliance: A household device operated by use of electricity or gas. Not 
included in this definition are components covered under central heating, central 
cooling or plumbing.
4.6. Architectural Service: Any practice involving the art and science of building 
design for construction of any structure or grouping of structures and the use of 
space within and surrounding the structures or the design, design development, 
preparation of construction contract documents, and administration of the 
construction contract.
4.7. Component: A permanently installed or attached fixture, element or part of 
a system.
4.8. Condition: The visible and conspicuous state of being of an object.
4.9. Crawlspace: The area within the confines of the foundation and between 
the ground and the underside of the lowest floor structural component.
4.10. Decorative: Ornamental; not required for the operation of essential systems and components of a home.
4.11. Describe: Report in writing a system or component by its type, or other 
observed characteristics, to distinguish it from other components used for the 
same purpose.
4.12. Determine: To arrive at an opinion or conclusion pursuant to examination.
4.13. Dismantle: To open, take apart or remove any component, device or piece 
that would not typically be opened, taken apart or removed by an ordinary occupant.
4.14. Engineering Service: Any professional service or creative work requiring 
engineering education, training, and experience and the application of special 
knowledge of the mathematical, physical and engineering sciences to such 
professional service or creative work as consultation, investigation, evaluation, 
planning, design and supervision of construction for the purpose of assuring 
compliance with the specifications and design, in conjunction with structures, 
buildings, machines, equipment, works or processes.
4.15. Enter: To go into an area to observe visible components.
4.16. Evaluate: To assess the systems, structures or components of a dwelling.
4.17. Examine: To visually look. See Inspect.
4.18. Foundation: The base upon which the structure or wall rests; usually masonry, concrete, or stone, and generally partially underground.
4.19. Function: The action for which an item, component, or system is specially fitted
or used or for which an item, component or system exists; to be in action or perform a task.
4.20. Functional: Performing, or able to perform, a function.
4.21. Home Inspection: The process by which an inspector visually examines the readily accessible systems and components of a home and operates those systems and components utilizing these Standards of Practice as a guideline.
4.22. Household Appliances: Kitchen and laundry appliances, room air conditioners, and similar appliances.
4.23. Inspect: To visually look at readily accessible systems and components safely, using normal operating controls and accessing readily accessible panels and areas in accordance with these Standards of Practice.

4.24. Inspected Property: The readily accessible areas of the buildings, site, items, components, and systems included in the inspection.
4.25. Inspector: One who performs a real estate inspection.
4.26. Installed: Attached or connected such that the installed item requires tool for removal.
4.27. Material Defect: Refer to section 1.2.
4.28. Normal Operating Controls: Devices such as thermostats that would be 
operated by ordinary occupants which require no specialized skill or knowledge.
4.29. Observe: To see through visually directed attention.
4.30. Operate: To cause systems to function or turn on with normal operating 
controls.
4.31. Readily Accessible: An item or component is readily accessible if, in the 
judgment of the inspector, it is capable of being safely observed without movement of obstacles, detachment or disengagement of connecting or securing devices, or other unsafe or difficult procedures to gain access.
4.32. Recreational Facilities: Spas, saunas, steam baths, swimming pools, tennis courts, playground equipment, and other exercise, entertainment or athletic facilities.
4.33. Report: A written communication (possibly including digital images) of any 
material defects seen during the inspection.
4.34. Representative Number: A sufficient number to serve as a typical or 
characteristic example of the item(s) inspected.
4.35. Safety Glazing: Tempered glass, laminated glass, or rigid plastic.
4.36. Shut Down: Turned off, unplugged, inactive, not in service, not operational, etc.
4.37. Structural Component: A component which supports non-variable forces 
or weights (dead loads) and variable forces or weights (live loads).
4.38. System: An assembly of various components to function as a whole.
4.39. Technically Exhaustive: A comprehensive and detailed examination beyond the scope of a real estate home inspection which would involve or include, but would not be limited to: dismantling, specialized knowledge or training, special equipment, measurements, calculations, testing, research, analysis or other means.
4.40. Unsafe: A condition in a readily accessible, installed system or component 
which is judged to be a significant risk of personal injury during normal, day-to-day use. The risk may be due to damage, deterioration, improper installation or a 
change in accepted residential construction standards.
4.41. Verify: To confirm or substantiate.

NAHI – Standards of Practice

1. PURPOSE, SCOPE AND GENERAL
STATEMENTS
1.1 The Standards of Practice (Standards) provide the minimum standards of performance for a 
written reporton a residential home inspection performed by and for the exclusive use of members of the National Association
of Home Inspectors, Inc. (NAHI™). Use of the NAHI logo and name is limited to those persons 
holding the designation of Regular Member. Associate, NAHI CRI and Affiliate Members may 
use specifically designated logos in advertising.
1.2 The Standards define and clarify the purpose, conditions, limitations, exclusions, and certain terms relating to an inspection.
1.3 The Standards describe those items, components, and systems included in the scope of an inspection.
1.4 The Standards apply only to the inspection of buildings with one (1) to four (4) dwelling units.
1.5 The Standards apply to a visual inspection of the readily accessible areas of the included items, components, and systems to determine if, at the time of the inspection, they are performing their intended function without regard to life expectancy.
1.6 The purpose of the inspection is to identify visible defects and/or conditions that, in the judgement of the inspector, adversely affect the function and/or integrity of the items, components, and systems.
1.7 Inspections performed under the Standards are basically visual and rely upon the opinion, 
judgement, and experience of the inspector, and are not intended to be technically exhaustive.
1.8 Inspections shall be performed in a time period sufficient to allow compliance with the provisions of the Standards.
1.9 Inspections performed under the Standards shall not be construed as a compliance inspection of any code,governmental regulation, or manufacturer’s installation instructions or procedures. In the event a law, statute, or
ordinance prohibits a procedure recommended in the Standards, the inspector is relieved of the
obligation to adhere to the prohibited part of the Standards.
1.10 Inspections performed under the Standards are not an expressed or implied warranty or a
guarantee of the adequacy, performance, or useful life of any item, component, or system in, on, or about the inspected property.
1.11 Detached building(s) and detached garage(s) located on the property will be inspected under these Standards only if specifically listed in the inspection report.
1.12 The National Association of Home Inspectors, Inc. recommends that its members perform 
inspections in accordance with these Standards, the Code of Ethics, and applicable law(s). 
The Standards are not intended to limit members from performing “additional inspection services.”
1.13 The inspector shall report on any system and component included in these standards of 
practice which were present at the time of the home inspection but were not inspected and 
provide the reason they were not inspected.

2. GENERAL LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS

2.1 Inspections performed under the Standards exclude any item(s) concealed or not readily 
accessible to the inspector. The inspector is not required to move furniture, personal, or stored 
items; lift floor coverings; move attached wall, ceiling coverings, or panels; or perform any test(s) 
or procedures(s) which could
damage or destroy the item(s) being evaluated.
2.2 The following are excluded and not limited to: appliances, recreational facilities, alarms, 
intercoms, speaker systems, radio controlled devices, security devices and lawn irrigation systems.
2.3 The determination of the presence of or damage caused by termites or any other wood-damaging insects or organism is excluded.
2.4 Also excluded from a standard home inspection is the determination of the indoor air quality 
or sickness of any building including, but not limited to, the presence or absence of all manner 
of biological activity, such as molds, insects, birds, pets, mammals, and other flora and fauna, 
and their consequent physical damage, toxicity, odors, waste products, and noxiousness.
2.5 Use of special instruments or testing devices, such as amp meters, pressure gauges, moisture meters, gas detectors and similar equipment is not required.
2.6 The inspection is not required to include information from any source concerning previous 
property, geological, environmental or hazardous waste conditions, manufacturer recalls or 
conformance of proper manufacturer’s installation of any component or system, or information 
contained in Consumer Protection Bulletin.The inspection is not required to include information
from any source concerning past or present violations of codes, ordinances, or regulations.
2.7 The inspection and report are opinions only, based upon visual observation of existing conditions of the inspected property at the time of the inspection.

THE REPORT IS NOT INTENDED TO BE, OR TO BE CONSTRUED AS, A GUARANTEE, 
WARRANTY, OR ANY FORM OF INSURANCE.

The inspector will not be responsible for any repairs or replacements with regard to the property 
or the contents thereof.
2.8 The inspector is not required to determine property boundary lines or encroachments.
2.9 The inspector is not required to provide an inspection of
any condominium common component, system or evaluate condominium reserve accounts.
2.10 The inspector is not required to enter any premises that visibly shows a physical threat to the safety of the home inspector or others nor inspect any area or component that poses a danger to the inspector or others.

3. SITE

3.1 Components for Inspection.
3.1.1 Building perimeter, land grade, and water drainage directly adjacent to the foundation.
3.1.2 Trees and vegetation that adversely affect the structure.
3.1.3 Walks, grade steps, driveways, patios, and retaining walls contiguous with the structure.

3.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
3.2.1 Describe the type of material and inspect the condition of the driveways, walkways, grade
steps, patios, and other items contiguous with the inspected structure.
3.2.2 Observe the drainage, grading, and vegetation for conditions that adversely affect the 
structure.

3.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
3.3.1 Inspect fences or privacy walls.
3.3.2 Evaluate the condition of trees, shrubs, and or other vegetation.
3.3.3 Evaluate or determine soil or geological conditions, site engineering, or property boundaries.

4. FOUNDATIONS

4.1 Components for Inspection.
4.1.1 Foundation walls, first-floor systems, other support and sub-structure components, stairs.
4.1.2 Ventilation (when applicable).
4.1.3 Grade slab and/or floor slab.

4.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
4.2.1 Describe the type of structure and material comprising the structure and other items inspected.
4.2.2 Observe the condition and serviceability of visible, exposed areas of foundation walls, grade slab, bearing walls, posts, piers, beams, joists, trusses, subfloors, chimney foundations, stairs, and other similar structural components.
4.2.3 Inspect foundations for indications of flooding, moisture, or water penetration.
4.2.4 Observe subfloor crawl space ventilation and vapor barriers.
4.2.5 Operate the sump pump when present.
4.2.6 Inspect the visible and accessible wooden members.
4.2.7 Observe the visible condition of floor slab when present.

4.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
4.3.1 Enter subfloor crawl spaces with headroom of less than 3 feet, obstructions, or other 
detrimental conditions.
4.3.2 Move stored items or debris or perform excavation to gain access.
4.3.3 Enter areas which, in the inspector’s opinion, may contain conditions or materials hazardous to the health and safety of the inspector.
4.3.4 Operate sump pumps equipped with internal/water dependent switches.

5. EXTERIOR

5.1 Components for Inspection.
5.1.1 Visible structural components.
5.1.2 Wall covering, trim, and protective coating.
5.1.3 Windows and doors.
5.1.4 Attached porches, decks, steps, balconies, handrails, guardrails, and carports. 
5.1.5 Visible exterior portions of chimneys.

5.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
5.2.1 Describe the type and material comprising the exterior components inspected.
5.2.2 Observe the condition of the components from the ground level.
5.2.3 Observe the condition of a representative number of visible windows and doors.
5.2.4 Inspect attached porches, decks, steps, balconies, handrails, and guardrails.

5.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
5.3.1 Inspect buildings, decks, patios, retaining walls, and other structures detached from the house.
5.3.2 Evaluate function of shutters, awnings, storm doors, storm windows and similar accessories.
5.3.3 Inspect or test the operation of security locks, devices, or systems.
5.3.4 Evaluate the presence, extent, and type of insulation and vapor barriers in the exterior walls.
5.3.5 Examine the interior of the chimney flues or determine the presence or absence of flue liners.
5.3.6 Inspect for safety type glass or the integrity of thermal window seals or damaged glass.

6.ROOF COVERINGS, FLASHINGS, GUTTERS, DOWNSPOUTS AND ROOF VENTILATION

6.1 Components for Inspection.
6.1.1 Roof covering material.
6.1.2 Rain gutter and downspout system.
6.1.3 Visible portions of roof flashings.
6.1.4 Roof ventilation.
6.1.5 Roof soffits and fascias.
6.1.6 Roof skylights and other roof accessories. 
6.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
6.2.1 Describe the type of roofing and gutters.
6.2.2 Observe the condition of visible roof material, rain gutter and downspout systems, visible 
portions of roof flashings, roof soffits and fascias, roof vents, skylights and other roof accessories 
visible from the exterior.
6.2.3 If possible, inspect the roof surface and components from arms-length distance or with 
binoculars from the ground.
6.2.4 Inspect flat roofs where internal accessibility is readily and safely available.
6.2.5 Report presence of roof ventilation.
6.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
6.3.1 Walk on or access a roof where it could damage the roof or roofing material or be unsafe for the inspector.
6.3.2 Remove snow, ice, debris or other conditions that prohibit the observation of the roof surfaces.
6.3.3 Inspect internal gutter and downspout systems and related underground drainage piping.
6.3.4 Inspect antennas, lightning arresters, or similar attachments.
6.3.5 Operate powered roof ventilators.
6.3.6 Determine remaining life expectancy of roof coverings, presence or absence of hail damage; manufacturers’ defects, exceptions, installation methods or recalls; or number of layers.
6.3.7 Determine adequacy of roof ventilation.

7.ROOF STRUCTURE,ATTIC AND INSULATION

7.1 Components for Inspection.
7.1.1 Roof framing, sheathing and decking.
7.1.2 Attic insulation.

7.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
7.2.1 Describe the type of material comprising the roof structure in the visible attic area.
7.2.2 Observe the condition of the visible roof structure and attic components where readily and 
safely accessible.
7.2.3 Investigate evidence of the presence of water penetration.
7.2.4 Determine the presence of attic insulation and its approximate thickness.

7.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
7.3.1 Enter attic spaces with headroom of less than 5 feet, with insulation covering the ceiling joists, or bottom truss chord, or if there are obstructions, trusses, or other detrimental conditions.
7.3.2 Break or otherwise damage the surface finish or weather seal on or around access panels
and covers.

8.ATTACHED GARAGE(S)/CARPORT(S)

8.1 Components for Inspection.
8.1.1 Exterior and interior walls and ceilings, floors, windows, doors, roof, and foundation.
8.1.2 Electrical system and components.
8.1.3 Plumbing system and components.
8.1.4 Heating systems or units.

8.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
8.2.1 Describe the type and material of door(s), exterior walls, roof (if applicable), and other items to be inspected.
8.2.2 Observe the condition and function of listed components; electric, plumbing, heating and 
similar systems.
8.2.3 Inspect vehicle doors for type, general condition, and intended function by manual operation or by the use of permanently affixed opener(s).

8.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
8.3.1 Inspect or operate equipment housed in the garage area except as otherwise addressed in the Standards.
8.3.2 Verify or certify safe operation of any auto reverse or related safety function(s) of a vehicle door.

9. ELECTRICAL

9.1 Components for Inspection.
9.1.1 Entrance of the primary service from masthead to main panel.
9.1.2 Main and sub-panels including feeders.
9.1.3 Branch circuits, connected devices, and lighting fixtures.
9.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
9.2.1 Describe the type and location of primary service (overhead or underground), voltage, 
amperage, and over-current protection devices (fuses or breakers).
9.2.2 Observe the existence of a connected grounding conductor when readily accessible.
9.2.3 Inspect the main and branch circuit conductors for proper over-current protection and 
condition by visual observation after removal of the readily accessible main and sub electric 
panel cover(s).
9.2.4 Report the presence of aluminum branch circuit wiring at the main and sub-panels.
9.2.5 Verify operation of a representative number of accessible switches, receptacles and light 
fixtures.
9.2.6 Verify grounding and polarity of a representative number of receptacles in proximity to 
plumbing fixtures or on the exterior.
9.2.7 Verify operation of ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI), if present.
9.2.8 Observe the general condition of visible branch circuit conductors that may constitute a 
hazard to the occupant or the structure by reason of improper use or installation of electrical 
components.
9.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
9.3.1 Insert any tool, probe or testing device into the main or sub-panels.
9.3.2 Activate electrical systems or branch circuits which are not energized.
9.3.3 Operate overload protection devices.
9.3.4 Inspect ancillary systems, including but not limited to: burglar alarms, home protection 
systems, low voltage relays, smoke/heat detectors, antennas, electrical de-icing tapes, lawn 
sprinkler wiring, swimming pool wiring, or any systems controlled by timers.
9.3.5 Move any objects, furniture, or appliances to gain access to any electrical component.
9.3.6 Test every switch, receptacle, and fixture.
9.3.7 Remove switch and outlet cover plates.
9.3.8 Inspect electrical equipment not readily accessible or dismantle any electrical device or 
control. 
9.3.9 Verify continuity of connected service ground(s).

10. PLUMBING

10.1 Components for Inspection.
10.1.1 Visible water supply lines.
10.1.2 Visible waste/soil and vent lines.
10.1.3 Fixtures and faucets.
10.1.4 Domestic hot water system and fuel source.
10.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
10.2.1 Describe the material of the main line and water supply lines.
10.2.2 Verify the presence of a main water supply valve.
10.2.3 Describe the type of sanitary waste piping.
10.2.4 Describe the type and capacity of domestic water heating unit(s).
10.2.5 Inspect the condition of accessible and visible water and waste lines.
10.2.6 Inspect and operate fixtures and faucets.
10.2.7 Inspect and operate the domestic hot water system.
10.2.8 Inspect and operate drain pumps and waste ejector pumps when possible.
10.2.9 Test the water supply for functional flow.
10.2.10 Test waste lines from sinks, tubs and showers for functional drainage.

10.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
10.3.1 Operate any main, branch or fixture valve, except faucets, or determine water temperature.
10.3.2 Inspect any system that is shut-down or secured.
10.3.3 Inspect any plumbing components not readily accessible.
10.3.4 Inspect any exterior plumbing components or interior or exterior drain systems.
10.3.5 Inspect interior fire sprinkler systems.
10.3.6 Evaluate the potability of any water supply. 
10.3.7 Inspect water conditioning equipment, including softener and filter systems. 
10.3.8 Operate freestanding or built-in appliances.
10.3.9 Inspect private water supply systems.
10.3.10 Test shower pans, tub and shower surrounds, or enclosures for leakage.
10.3.11 Inspect gas supply system for materials, installation or leakage.
10.3.12 Evaluate the condition and operation of water wells and related pressure tanks and pumps;
the quality or quantity of water from on-site water supplies; or the condition and operation of 
on-site sewage disposal systems such as cesspools, septic tanks, drain fields, related 
underground piping, conduit, cisterns, and equipment.
10.3.13 Inspect and operate fixtures and faucets if the flow end of the faucet is connected to an
appliance.
10.3.14 Record location of any on-site visible fuel tanks within or directly adjacent to structure.

11. CENTRAL HEATING

11.1 Components for Inspection.
11.1.1 Fuel source.
11.1.2 Heating equipment.
11.1.3 Heating distribution.
11.1.4 Operating controls.
11.1.5 Flue pipes, chimneys and venting.
11.1.6 Auxiliary heating units.
11.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
11.2.1 Describe the type of fuel, heating equipment, and heating distribution system.
11.2.2 Operate the system using normal readily accessible control devices.
11.2.3 Open readily accessible access panels or covers provided by the manufacturer or installer, 
if readily detachable.
11.2.4 Observe the condition of normally operated controls and components of the systems.
11.2.5 Observe visible flue pipes, dampers and related components for functional operation.
11.2.6 Observe the condition of a representative number of heat sources in each habitable space 
of the house.
11.2.7 Inspect the operation of fixed supplementary heat units. See 2.6 for more information.
11.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
11.3.1 Activate or operate heating or other systems that do not respond to normal controls or have been shutdown.
11.3.2 To inspect or evaluate a heat exchanger.
11.3.3 Inspect equipment or remove covers or panels that are not readily accessible.
11.3.4 Dismantle any equipment, controls, or gauges.
11.3.5 Inspect the interior of chimney flues.
11.3.6 Inspect heating system accessories, such as humidifiers, air purifiers, motorized dampers, heat reclaimers, etc.
11.3.7 Inspect solar heating systems.
11.3.8 Activate heating, heat pump systems, or other systems when ambient temperatures or 
other circumstances are not conducive to safe operation or may damage the equipment.
11.3.9 Evaluate the type of material contained in insulation and/or wrapping of pipes, ducts, jackets and boilers.
11.3.10 Operate digital-type thermostats or controls.
11.3.11 Evaluate the capacity, adequacy, or efficiency of a heating or cooling system.
11.3.12 Test or operate gas logs, built-in gas burning appliances, grills, stoves, space heaters, 
or solar heating devices.
11.3.13 Determine clearance to combustibles or adequacy of combustion air.

12. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING

12.1 Components for Inspection.
12.1.1 Cooling equipment.
12.1.2 Cooling distribution.
12.1.3 Operating controls.
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12.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
12.2.1 Describe the type of central air conditioning system and energy sources.
12.2.2 Operate the system using normal control devices.
12.2.3 Open readily accessible access panels or covers provided by the manufacturer or installer, if readily accessible.
12.2.4 Observe the condition of controls and operative components of the complete system, 
conditions permitting.
12.2.5 Observe the condition of a representative number of the central air cooling outlets in each habitable space of the house.
12.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
12.3.1 Activate or operate cooling or other systems that have been shut-down.
12.3.2 Inspect gas-fired refrigeration systems, evaporative
coolers, or wall or window-mounted air conditioning units.
12.3.3 Check the pressure of the system coolant or determine the presence of leakage.
12.3.4 Evaluate the capacity, efficiency, or adequacy of the system.
12.3.5 Operate equipment or systems if exterior temperature is below 60° Fahrenheit or when other circumstances are not conducive to safe operation or may damage the equipment.
12.3.6 Remove covers or panels that are not readily accessible.
12.3.7 Dismantle any equipment, controls, or gauges.
12.3.8 Check the electrical current drawn by the unit.
12.3.9 Operate digital-type thermostats or controls.

13. INTERIOR

13.1 Components for Inspection.
13.1.1 Walls, ceilings, floors, windows, and doors.
13.1.2 Steps, stairways, balconies, railings.
13.1.3 Fireplaces.
13.1.4 Electric outlets and fixtures.
13.1.5 Plumbing fixtures and components.
13.1.6 Heating and cooling distribution.
13.2 Procedures for Inspection.
The inspector will:
13.2.1 Observe the visible condition of the surfaces of walls, ceilings, and floors relative to 
structural integrity and evidence of water penetration.
13.2.2 Verify the presence of steps, stairways, balconies, handrails and guardrails and observe 
their condition.
13.2.3 Describe type, material, condition and operation of a representative number of windows,
doors and their hardware.
13.2.4 Inspect the exterior condition of the kitchen cabinets and countertops.
13.2.5 Observe the condition of fireplaces, dampers, fire boxes and hearths readily visible.
13.2.6 Locate and observe a representative number of electrical outlets/fixtures and wiring in each room as described in Section 9.
13.2.7 Comment on presence or absence of smoke detectors.
13.2.8 Observe condition and operation of plumbing fixtures and components in each room as 
described in Section 10.
13.3 Limitations.
The inspector is NOT required to:
13.3.1 Ignite fires in a fireplace or stove to determine the adequacy of draft, perform a chimney 
smoke test, or inspect any solid fuel device in use.
13.3.2 Evaluate the installation or adequacy of inserts, wood burning stoves, or other modifications in a fireplace, stove, or chimney.
13.3.3 Determine clearance to combustibles in concealed areas.
13.3.4 Determine cosmetic condition of ceilings, walls, floor coverings, and components.
13.3.5 Determine if the bath and/or kitchen vent fan ducting exhausts air to exterior of house.

14

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Activate: To turn on, supply power, or enable systems, equipment,
or devices to become active by normal control means. Examples
include turning on the gas or water supply valves to the fixtures and
appliances and activating electrical breakers or fuses.
Additional Inspection Services: Those services offered in
addition to the home inspection as defined in these standards,
including but not limited to the following examples; wood
destroying insect-organism and environmental testing.
Adversely Affect: Constitute, or potentially constitute, a negative
or destructive impact.
Appliance: A household device operated by use of electricity or
gas. Not included in this definition are components covered under
central heating, central cooling, or plumbing.
Detrimental Conditions: Any conditions that, in the opinion of
the inspector, may likely be unsafe, unhealthy, or in any way harmful
to the inspector or to components of the property.
Describe: To distinguish from another system or component.
Evaluate: To ascertain, judge, or form an opinion about an item or
condition.
Foundation: The base upon which the structure or a wall rests;
usually masonry, concrete, or stone, and generally partially
underground.
Function: The action for which an item, component or system is
specially fitted or used or for which an item, component or system
exists; to be in action or perform a task.
Functional: Performing, or able to perform, a function.
Functional Drainage: A drain is functional when it empties in a
reasonable amount of time and is not subject to overflow when one of
its supply faucets is left on.
Functional Flow: Sufficient water flow to provide uninterrupted
supply to the highest, unrestricted tap (faucet furthest from the
source) when a single intermediate, unrestricted tap is operated
simultaneously with uninterrupted flow.
Habitable: In a condition suitable for human habitation.
Habitable Spaces: Rooms or spaces used for sitting, sleeping,
bathing, toilets, eating or cooking. Not considered habitable spaces by
these Standards are closets, halls, storage spaces and utility areas.

15

STANDARDS OF PRACTICE

Heat Source: A heat source may be a radiator, convector unit,
radiant panel, heat pipe, ductwork, grille, register, or other device(s)
from which heat is intended to be emitted.
Home Inspection: The process by which an inspector visually
examines the readily accessible systems and components of a home
and operates those systems and components utilizing the Standards of
Practice as a guideline.
Inspect: To evaluate carefully without use of technically exhaustive
methods.
Inspected Property: The readily accessible areas of the
buildings, site, items, components, and systems included in the
inspection.
Intended Function: Performing or able to perform the usual
function for which an item is designed, or fitted; and be in a condition
(state of repair) appropriate to this function, its age and location.
[See Function]
Observe: To see through visual directed attention.
Operate: To cause equipment or systems that have been activated to
perform their intended function(s), such as turning on a water faucet
or turning up the thermostat on an activated heating system. Readily Accessible: An item or component is readily accessible
if, in the judgement of the inspector, it is capable of being safely
observed without movement of obstacles, detachment or
disengagement of connecting or securing devices, or other unsafe or
difficult procedures to gain access.
Representative Number: A sufficient number to serve as a
typical or characteristic example of the item(s) inspected.
Shut-down: A system or equipment is considered to be shut-down
when its normal control device(s) will not cause it to become activated
or operational. The inspector is not required to activate or operate
safety devices (fuses, breakers, etc.) in the “off ” position. It is not the
responsibility of the inspector to put these controls in the “on” mode,
nor to ensure that the equipment or systems to be tested are operable
at the time of the inspection.
Slab on Grade: Structures that have no crawl space and are in
direct contact with the soil. Slabs may or may not have supporting
piers or pads.
Technically exhaustive: An inspection is technically exhaustive
when it involves the use of measurements, instruments, testing
calculations and other means to develop scientific or engineering
findings, conclusions, and recommendations.
Verify: To confirm or substantiate.